Mental health disorders, notably depression and anxiety, continue to be significant contributors to disability and premature mortality worldwide. The aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic witnessed a surge of approximately 25% in the prevalence of anxiety and depression globally, underscoring the pervasive nature of these conditions.
Various factors, including genetics, social environment, and physical surroundings, can heighten the risk of depression and anxiety. Among these, exposure to heavy metals like cadmium has been associated with increased susceptibility to depression and anxiety, while elements such as manganese, copper, and selenium, known for their antioxidative properties, may mitigate the risk.
While previous studies have mainly been cross-sectional, with few longitudinal investigations, a recent study in China delved into the impact of metal and nonmetal elements in drinking water on depression and anxiety risk over time.
The study, conducted in the Yinzhou district, involved identifying individuals diagnosed with depression and anxiety using health data. Researchers utilized atomic absorption spectrophotometry to measure trace element levels in tap water samples collected from 37 sites across the district, with samples taken quarterly to capture seasonal variations. Participants’ daily exposure to these elements was calculated based on residential addresses, tap water collection sites, and individual water intake, adjusted for age and gender.
Baseline surveys gathered data on dietary habits, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and medical history. The analysis included over 24,000 individuals without prior depression or anxiety diagnoses, tracked over a median period of approximately 4.5 years.
The findings revealed that certain demographic and lifestyle factors, such as gender, smoking, drinking habits, and dietary patterns, were associated with higher risks of depression and anxiety. Exposure to specific elements in drinking water, notably aluminum, manganese, and iron, correlated with increased risk for these mental health conditions.
However, long-term exposure to elements like zinc, copper, and selenium did not significantly affect depression or anxiety risk. The study also highlighted disparities in exposure based on socioeconomic status, with lower-income individuals more prone to heavy metal exposure in drinking water.
The study’s conclusions underscore the importance of ensuring water quality and promoting healthy dietary practices to mitigate the burden of depression and anxiety. Addressing inequities in exposure to trace elements in drinking water, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, should be a focal point for public health policies aimed at reducing the incidence of mental health disorders.