The United States has experienced a notable surge in tularemia, a rare bacterial infection also known as “rabbit fever,” over the past decade. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a 56% increase in cases between 2011 and 2022, with 2,462 reported incidents across 47 states.
What Is Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)?
Tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis and is typically transmitted through insect bites, handling infected animals, inhaling contaminated air, or consuming unclean water. The disease is commonly known as rabbit fever because it often spreads through contact with infected rabbits, though it can also affect a range of wild animals, including hares, muskrats, beavers, and squirrels.
While the disease is rare, it can be fatal if left untreated. It has also been known to impact domestic animals such as dogs, cats, pigs, horses, and sheep.
Rising Incidence
The CDC’s data revealed that the majority of tularemia cases in the last decade were concentrated in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, accounting for approximately 50% of reported infections. These states have seen the highest incidence rates, raising concerns among health experts.
Symptoms of Tularemia
Individuals infected with Francisella tularensis typically present with several symptoms, including:
- High fever
- Skin ulcers
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Pneumonia in severe cases
Populations at Higher Risk
Children aged 5 to 9 years, older men, and American Indian or Alaska Native individuals are at an elevated risk for contracting tularemia. According to the CDC, the incidence rate for these groups is approximately five times higher than that of White individuals.
Prevention Measures
To reduce the risk of infection, experts recommend the following preventive measures:
- Use insect repellents to avoid bites from ticks and deer flies.
- Wear gloves when handling wild animals, particularly rabbits.
- Avoid drinking untreated or unfiltered water.
- Take precautions, such as wearing protective clothing, when venturing outdoors in areas where the disease is prevalent.
Treatment Options
Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics, but early detection is crucial to prevent severe complications. However, there is currently no vaccine available to prevent the disease.
As the CDC continues to monitor the rise in tularemia cases, public health officials emphasize the importance of awareness and early intervention.
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